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类型注释示例
from typing import List, Tuple, Dict, Optional
def greet(name: str) -> str:
return f"Hello, {name}!"
def process_data(data: List[int]) -> float:
return sum(data) / len(data)
User = Dict[str, int]
Address = Tuple[str, int, str]
def get_user(user_id: int) -> Optional[User]:
if user_id == 1:
return {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
return None
instanceof增强
public class PatternMatching {
public static double calculate(Object shape) {
if (shape instanceof Rectangle rect) {
return rect.width() * rect.height();
} else if (shape instanceof Circle circle){
return Math.PI * Math.pow(circle.radius(), 2);
}
return 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object shape = new Rectangle(5, 10);
double area = calculate(shape);
System.out.println("Area: " + area);
}
}
class Rectangle {
private double width;
private double height;
public Rectangle(double width, double height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
public double width() { return width; }
public double height() { return height; }
}
class Circle {
private double radius;
public Circle(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public double radius() { return radius; }
}
动态调用方法
public class ReflectionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("java.util.ArrayList");
Object list = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
Method addMethod = clazz.getMethod("add", Object.class);
addMethod.invoke(list, "Hello Reflection!");
System.out.println(list);
}
}
NIO文件操作
import java.io.*;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
public class FileIODemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Path path = Paths.get("file.txt");
// Write to file
String content = "Hello, NIO File API!";
Files.write(path, content.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF8));
// Read from file
byte[] readBytes = Files.readAllBytes(path);
System.out.println(new String(readBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF8));
}
}
std::thread使用
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void thread_function(int id) {
cout << "Thread " << id << " is running\n";
}
int main() {
vector<thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
threads.push_back(thread(thread_function, i));
}
for (auto& t : threads) {
t.join();
}
cout << "All threads normally terminated\n";
return 0;
}
枚举类型示例
public enum DayOfWeek {
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY;
public String getDisplayName() {
switch (this) {
case MONDAY: return "Monday";
case SATURDAY: return "Weekend";
default: return "Unknown";
}
}
}
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